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One example of “the extraordinary resilience of black citizens, who individually and collectively found ways to endure, fight back and occasionally define their own destinies…”

Charles Gratton was born in 1932 and interviewed in 1994 at the…

One example of “the extraordinary resilience of black citizens, who individually and collectively found ways to endure, fight back and occasionally define their own destinies…”

Ferdie Miller Walker was born in 1928 and interviewed in 1994 at…

In this undated photo we see an older African American woman right next to, in fact touching, the young white girl of about 6 or 7, the woman’s clothes seem to indicate being a servant, her expression is not happy. This photo raises a key point…

Denying black men the right to vote through legal maneuvering and violence was a first step in taking away their civil rights. Beginning in the 1890s. southern states enacted literacy tests, poll taxes, elaborate registration systems, and eventually…

Demonstrating their political power, Klansmen triumphantly parade down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., on September 13, 1926.

Poll taxes required citizens to pay a fee to register to vote. These fees kept many poor African Americans, as well as poor whites, from voting. The poll tax receipt displayed here is from Alabama.

One example of “the extraordinary resilience of black citizens, who individually and collectively found ways to endure, fight back and occasionally define their own destinies…”

Lillian Smith was born in 1931 and interviewed in 1993 at the…

One example of “the extraordinary resilience of black citizens, who individually and collectively found ways to endure, fight back and occasionally define their own destinies…”

Ralph Thompson was born in 1935 and interviewed in 1995 at the…

One example of “the extraordinary resilience of black citizens, who individually and collectively found ways to endure, fight back and occasionally define their own destinies…”

Ann Pointer was born in 1927 and interviewed in 1994 at the age…

One example of “the extraordinary resilience of black citizens, who individually and collectively found ways to endure, fight back and occasionally define their own destinies…”

Charles Gratton was born in 1932 and interviewed in 1994 at the…